The research behind ethical interviewing.

Cognitive Biases in Criminal Case Evaluation: A Review of the Research

Meterko, V. · 2021

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology

The role of confirmation bias in suspect interviews: A systematic evaluation

McGeorge, P. · 2008

Legal and Criminological Psychology

Influence of racial stereotypes on investigative decision-making in criminal investigations: A qualitative comparative analysis

Minhas, R. · 2018

Cogent Social Sciences

The Role of Evidence in Suspect Interviewing: A Mixed Methods Approach

Kebbell, M. · 2018

Interviewing Strategically to Elicit Admissions From Guilty Suspects

Strömwall, L.A. · 2015

Law and Human Behavior

Interviewing suspects: examining the association between skills, questioning, evidence disclosure, and interview outcomes

Bull, R. · 2015

Psychology, Crime & Law

Interviewing Suspects of Fraud: An In-Depth Analysis of Interviewing Skills

Bull, R. · 2010

The Journal of Psychiatry & Law

The role of prejudicial stereotypes in the formation of suspicion: An examination of operational procedures in stop and search practices

Walsh, D. · 2021

International Journal of Police Science & Management

Police interviewing and psychological vulnerabilities: predicting the likelihood of a confession

Gudjonsson, G. · 1998

Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology

The Influence of Interview Style on SIOs’ Responsiveness to the Suspect’s Alibi

Fahsing, I. · 2022

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology

The combined effects of questioning technique and interviewer manner on false confessions

Gilchrist, L. · 2018

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling

Investigative empathy: Five types of cognitive empathy in a field study of investigative interviews with suspects of sexual offences

Baker-Eck, B., Bull, R. & Walsh, D. · 2020

International Investigative Interviewing Research Group (iIIRG)

Investigative empathy: a strength scale of empathy based on European police perspectives

Baker-Eck, B., Bull, R. & Walsh, D. · 2020

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 27(3), 501-518

Effects of empathy and question types on suspects’ provision of information in investigative interviews

Baker-Eck, B. & Bull, R. · 2022

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 24(4), 406-416

Accusatorial and information-gathering interrogation methods and their effects on true and false confessions: A meta-analytic review

Meissner, C.A., Redlich, A.D., Michael, S.W., Evans, J.R., Camilletti, C.R., Bhatt, S. & Brandon, S. · 2014

Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(4), 459-486

What really is effective in interviews with suspects? A study comparing interviewing skills against interviewing outcomes

Walsh, D. & Bull, R. · 2010

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15(2), 305-321

The question of question types in police interviews: a review of the literature from a psychological and linguistic perspective

Oxburgh, G., Myklebust, T. & Grant, T. · 2010

International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 17(1), 45-66

Let ’em talk! A field study of police questioning practices of suspects and accused persons

Snook, B., Luther, K., Quinlan, H. & Milne, R. · 2012

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(10), 1328-1339

False Confessions: When Interview Methods Create Unreliable Outcomes

Walters, S.B. · 2026

Keeping the PEACE? A study of investigative interviewing practices in the public sector

Walsh, D. & Milne, R. · 2008

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 13(1), 39-57

An Empirical Basis for the Admission of Expert Testimony on False Confessions

Cicchini, M.D. · 2008

National Evaluation of the PEACE Investigative Interviewing Course

Clarke, C. & Milne, R. · 2001

Police Research Award Scheme, Home Office

Inside interrogation: The lie, the bluff, and false confessions

Perillo, J.T. · 2011

Law and Human Behavior

From false confession to wrongful conviction: Seven psychological processes

Davis, D.

The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook

Gudjonsson, G.H. · 2003

Wiley

The psychology of confessions: A review of the literature and issues

Kassin, S.M. & Gudjonsson, G.H. · 2004

Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(2), 33-67

On the psychology of confessions: Does innocence put innocents at risk?

Kassin, S.M. · 2005

American Psychologist, 60(3), 215-228

Criminal Interrogation and Confessions (5th ed.)

Inbau, F.E., Reid, J.E., Buckley, J.P. & Jayne, B.C. · 2013

Jones & Bartlett Learning

A critical appraisal of modern police interrogations

Kassin, S.M. · 2006

In T. Williamson (Ed.), Investigative Interviewing: Rights, Research, Regulation, Willan

The Reid technique: A psychological review

Kleinman, S.M. · 2006

International Journal of Police Science & Management, 8(1), 46-60

The effects of the Reid technique of interviewing on true and false confessions

Moston, S., Stephenson, G.M. & Williamson, T. · 1992

Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 24(4), 517-527

Police-induced confessions: Risk factors and recommendations

Kassin, S.M., Leo, R.A., Meissner, C.A., Richman, K.D., Colwell, L.H., Leach, A.M. & La Fon, D. · 2007

Law and Human Behavior, 31(1), 83-104

Police interrogation and American justice

Leo, R.A. · 2009

Harvard University Press

Investigating true and false confessions within a novel experimental paradigm

Russano, M.B., Meissner, C.A., Narchet, F.M. & Kassin, S.M. · 2005

Psychological Science, 16(6), 481-486

“He’s guilty!”: Investigator bias in judgments of truth and deception

Meissner, C.A. & Kassin, S.M. · 2002

Law and Human Behavior, 26(5), 469-480

Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: On the dangers of presuming guilt

Kassin, S.M., Goldstein, C.C. & Savitsky, K. · 2003

Law and Human Behavior, 27(2), 187-203

From criminal interrogations to investigative interviews: a bibliometric study

Denault, V. et al. · 2023

Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1175856

The Importance of Applied Research in Investigative Interviewing: A Real-life Perspective

Oxburgh, G. & Milne, B. · 2011

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8(2), 189-197

Interviewing Suspected Offenders

Oxburgh, G.E. & Blair, J.P. · 2016

In Communication in Investigative and Legal Contexts (pp. 133-157), Wiley-Blackwell

What really happens in police interviews of suspects? Tactics and confessions

Soukara, S., Bull, R., Vrij, A., Turner, M. & Cherryman, J. · 2009

Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(6), 493-506

Police detectives’ aims regarding their interviews with suspects: Any change at the turn of the millennium?

Soukara, S., Bull, R. & Vrij, A. · 2002

International Journal of Police Science and Management, 4(2), 100-114

A Question of Control? The Formulation of Suspect and Witness Interview Question Strategies by Advanced Interviewers

Griffiths, A., Milne, B. & Cherryman, J. · 2011

International Journal of Police Science & Management, 13(3), 69-80

How do interviewers attempt to overcome suspects’ denials?

Walsh, D. & Bull, R. · 2012

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19(2), 151-168

Interviewing suspects of crime: the impact of PEACE training, supervision and the presence of a legal advisor

Clarke, C., Milne, R. & Bull, R. · 2011

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8(2), 149-162

Peering inside a Canadian interrogation room: an examination of the Reid model of interrogation, influence tactics, and coercive strategies

King, L. & Snook, B. · 2009

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(7), 674-694

Reid training and sensitivity to developmental maturity in interrogation: results from a national survey of police

Kostelnik, J.O. & Reppucci, N.D. · 2009

Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 27(3), 361-379

Reforming investigative interviewing in Canada

Snook, B., Eastwood, J., Stinson, M., Tedeschini, J. & House, J.C. · 2010

Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 52(2), 203-217

Juveniles’ capacities to waive Miranda rights: An empirical analysis

Grisso, T. · 1980

California Law Review, 68(6), 1134-1166

Police interviewing and interrogation of juvenile suspects: A descriptive examination of actual cases

Cleary, H.M.D. · 2014

Law and Human Behavior, 38(3), 271-282

The Problem of False Confessions in the Post-DNA World

Drizin, S.A. & Leo, R.A. · 2004

North Carolina Law Review, 82, 891-1007

DNA Exonerations in the United States (1989-2020)

Innocence Project · 2020

Innocence Project

Denial and minimization among sex offenders

Dietz, P.E. · 2020

Behavioral Sciences & the Law

Investigative interviews with online sexual offenders: A discursive analysis of verbal cues of deception

Allard-Gaudreau, N., Deslauriers-Varin, N., Paquette, S. & Fortin, F. · 2025

Discourse & Society

Police interview techniques: Establishing truth or proof?

Baldwin, J. · 1993

British Journal of Criminology, 33(3), 325-352

Police interviewing techniques at two south London police stations

Pearse, J. & Gudjonsson, G.H. · 1997

Psychology, Crime and Law, 3(1), 63-74

Motivational interviewing in the context of police investigative interviews with suspects

Tedeschini, J. & Jung, S. · 2018

Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 9(1), 1-13

Investigators’ reflective portfolios: A reflection of their actual investigation skills?

Griffiths, A. & Walsh, D. · 2018

Psychology, Crime and Law, 24(4), 433-450

Eliciting Information in Investigative Interviews with Sexual Offenders: A Procedural Justice Approach

Pankhurst, G. · 2021

Newcastle University (supervised by G. Oxburgh & G. Doherty-Sneddon)

Police interviews with suspected child sex offenders: Does use of empathy and question type influence the amount of investigation relevant information obtained?

Oxburgh, G., Ost, J. & Cherryman, J. · 2012

Psychology, Crime & Law, 18(3), 259-273

Police officers’ use of emotional language during child sexual abuse investigations

Oxburgh, G., Williamson, T. & Ost, J. · 2006

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 3(1), 35-45

The impact of question type and empathy on police interviews with suspects of homicide, filicide and child sexual abuse

Oxburgh, G., Ost, J., Morris, P. & Cherryman, J. · 2014

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21(6), 903-917

Police officers’ perceptions of interviews in cases of sexual offences and murder involving children and adult victims

Oxburgh, G., Ost, J., Morris, P. & Cherryman, J. · 2015

Police Practice and Research, 16(1), 36-50

Investigative interviewing of suspected sex offenders: a review of what constitutes best practice

Read, J.M., Powell, M.B., Kebbell, M.R. & Milne, R. · 2009

Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 1(2), 68-90

Measuring influential police interviewing tactics: a factor analytic approach

Pearse, J. & Gudjonsson, G.H. · 1999

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 4(2), 221-238

The application of cognitive interview techniques as part of an investigation

Griffiths, A. & Milne, R. · 2010

In C.A. Ireland & M. Fisher (Eds.), Consultancy and Advising in Forensic Practice: Empirical and Practical Guidelines, Wiley-Blackwell

Managing interviews in high-stake crime cases: practice guidance for developing suspect interview strategies using a LOST WEBSITES framework

Griffiths, A. · 2018

Journal of Criminal Psychology

From interrogation to investigative interviewing: The application of psychology

Griffiths, A. & Rachlew, A.A. · 2018

In A. Griffiths & R. Milne (Eds.), The Psychology of Criminal Investigation: From Theory to Practice, Routledge

Police Experiences with Recording Custodial Interrogations

Sullivan, T.P. · 2004

Northwestern University School of Law, Center on Wrongful Convictions

The case for recording police interrogation

Sullivan, T.P., Vail, A.W. & Anderson, H.W. · 2008

Litigation, 34(3), 1-8

Videotaped confessions: panacea or Pandora’s box?

Lassiter, G.D., Ratcliff, J.J., Ware, L.J. & Irvin, C.R. · 2006

Law & Policy, 28(2), 192-210

Camera perspective bias in videotaped confessions: Evidence that visual attention is a mediator

Ware, L.J., Lassiter, G.D., Patterson, S.M. & Ransom, M.R. · 2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14(2), 192-200

Evaluating videotaped confessions: Expertise provides no defense against the camera-perspective effect

Lassiter, G.D., Diamond, S.S., Schmidt, H.C. & Elek, J.K. · 2007

Psychological Science, 18(3), 224-226

A review of the law in jurisdictions requiring electronic recording of custodial interrogations

Gershel, A.M. · 2010

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, 16(3), 1-43

The Griffiths Question Map: A Forensic Tool For Expert Witnesses’ Assessments of Witnesses and Victims’ Statements

Dodier, O. & Denault, V. · 2018

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 63(1), 266-274

Questioning sequences in Canadian police interviews: Constructing and confirming the course of events?

Wright, A.M. & Alison, L. · 2004

Psychology, Crime & Law, 10(2), 137-154

An examination into the efficacy of police advanced investigative interview training

Griffiths, A. · 2008

Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Portsmouth

Mapping Repeated Interviews

Waterhouse, G.F. et al. · 2018

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology

Coerced confessions and the jury: An experimental test of the “harmless error” rule

Kassin, S.M. & Sukel, H. · 1997

Law and Human Behavior, 21(1), 27-46

Prior confessions and mock juror verdicts

Kassin, S.M. & Wrightsman, L.S. · 1980

Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10(2), 133-146

The link between suggestibility, compliance, and false confessions: A review using experimental and field studies

Otgaar, H. et al. · 2021

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(1), 445-460

Compliance in an interrogative situation: A new scale

Gudjonsson, G.H. · 1989

Personality and Individual Differences, 10(5), 535-540

The psychological characteristics of ‘false confessors’. A study among Icelandic prison inmates and juvenile offenders

Sigurdsson, J.F. & Gudjonsson, G.H. · 1996

Personality and Individual Differences, 20(3), 321-329

Effects of false-evidence ploys and expert testimony on jurors’ verdicts, recommended sentences, and perceptions of confession evidence

Woody, W.D. & Forrest, K.D. · 2009

Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 27(3), 333-360

One Way or Another? Criminal Investigators’ Beliefs Regarding the Disclosure of Evidence in Interviews with Suspects in England and Wales

Walsh, D., Milne, B. & Bull, R. · 2016

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 31(3), 227-238

Police interviewers’ experiences of the Tactical Interview Model (TIM): an exploratory study of suspect interviewing in Norway

Myklebust, T., Bjerknes, O.T. & Oxburgh, G. · 2023

Psychology, Crime & Law, 31(4), 439-461

Interrogation: A Review of the Science

High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group · 2016

Federal Bureau of Investigation / U.S. Department of Justice

Interrogation Best Practices

High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group · 2016

Federal Bureau of Investigation / U.S. Department of Justice

Report of the Independent Review of Deaths and Serious Incidents in Police Custody

Angiolini, E. · 2017

Home Office

The Carloway Review: Report and Recommendations

Carloway, Lord (Colin Sutherland) · 2011

Scottish Government

Legal Assistance in the Police Station: A Report by JUSTICE Scotland

JUSTICE Scotland · 2018

JUSTICE

Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Police Interrogation Procedures in Northern Ireland (Bennett Report)

Bennett, H.G. (Chairman) · 1979

HMSO

The Police Service of Northern Ireland: An Inspection of Police Effectiveness and Efficiency

His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services · 2025

HMICFRS

Attorney General Holder Announces Significant Policy Shift Concerning Electronic Recording of Statements

U.S. Department of Justice · 2014

U.S. Department of Justice

Report of the Governor’s Commission on Capital Punishment

Illinois Governor's Commission on Capital Punishment · 2002

State of Illinois

Report of the Working Group on the Prevention of Miscarriages of Justice (Chapter 6: Police Interviewing of Suspects and Witnesses)

FPT Heads of Prosecutions Committee · 2004

Department of Justice Canada

Wrongful Convictions in Canada

Library of Parliament (Canada) · 2026

Library of Parliament, Canada

Morris Tribunal Report: Report on the Detention of ‘Suspects’ Following the Death of the Late Richard Barron

Morris, F.R. · 2006

An Garda Síochána / Government of Ireland

Investigative Interviewing: Psychology and Practice

Milne, R. & Bull, R. · 1999

Wiley

Investigative Interviewing: Psychology and Practice (2nd ed.)

Milne, R. & Bull, R. (Eds.) · 2025

Wiley-Blackwell

Investigative Interviewing: The Conversation Management Approach (2nd ed.)

Shepherd, E. & Griffiths, A. · 2013

Oxford University Press

Investigative Interviewing: The Conversation Management Approach (3rd ed.)

Shepherd, E. & Griffiths, A. · 2023

Oxford University Press

Memory-Enhancing Techniques for Investigative Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview

Fisher, R.P. & Geiselman, R.E. · 1992

Charles C Thomas

Investigative Interviewing: Rights, Research, Regulation

Williamson, T. (Ed.) · 2006

Willan Publishing

Communication in Investigative and Legal Contexts

Oxburgh, G., Myklebust, T., Grant, T. & Milne, R. (Eds.) · 2016

Wiley-Blackwell

International Developments and Practices in Investigative Interviewing and Interrogation (Vols 1 & 2)

Walsh, D., Oxburgh, G., Redlich, A.D. & Myklebust, T. (Eds.) · 2016

Routledge

Interviewing and Interrogation: A Review of Research and Practice Since World War II

Oxburgh, G.E., Myklebust, T., Fallon, M. & Hartwig, M. (Eds.) · 2023

Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher

International Developments in Investigative Interviewing

Williamson, T., Milne, B. & Savage, S.P. (Eds.) · 2009

Willan Publishing

Investigative Interviewing – Authorised Professional Practice

College of Policing · 2023

College of Policing (UK)

Choice and Background Knowledge: How do Individuals Evaluate Accumulating Evidence in A Murder Scenario?

Duncan, P.

International Journal of Psychological Studies

Explaining Police Bias: A Theory of Social Conditioning and Illusory Correlation

Alpert, G. · 2007

Criminal Justice and Behavior

Generalized Communicative Suspicion (GCS) Among Police Officers: Accounting for the Investigator Bias Effect

Antón, C. · 2005

Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Practical Psychology for Forensic Investigations and Prosecutions

Kebbell, M.R. & Davies, G.M. (Eds.) · 2006

Wiley

Twenty-five years of achieving best evidence: Investigative interviews with victims and witnesses in England and Wales

Smith, K. · 2024

International Journal of Police Science and Management

The cognitive interview: A meta-analysis

Kohnken, G., Milne, R., Memon, A. & Bull, R. · 1999

Psychology, Crime & Law, 5(1-2), 3-27

Eyewitness memory enhancement in the police interview: Cognitive retrieval mnemonics versus hypnosis

Geiselman, R.E., Fisher, R.P., MacKinnon, D.P. & Holland, H.L. · 1985

Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(2), 401-412

Investigative interviewing in the Nordic region

Fahsing, I.A. & Rachlew, A. · 2009

In T. Williamson, B. Milne & S.P. Savage (Eds.), International Developments in Investigative Interviewing, Willan Publishing

The benefits of a self-generated cue mnemonic for timeline interviewing

Kontogianni, F., Hope, L., Taylor, P.J., Vrij, A. & Gabbert, F. · 2018

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 7(3), 454-461

The effects of cognitive load during an investigative interviewing task on mock interviewers’ recall of information

Hanway, P., Akehurst, L., Vernham, Z. & Hope, L. · 2021

Legal and Criminological Psychology

Who Said What? The Effects of Cognitive Load on Source Monitoring and Memory for Multiple Witnesses’ Accounts

Hanway, P., Akehurst, L., Vernham, Z. & Hope, L. · 2024

(see linked search for full details)

The cognitive interview: Inexperienced police officers’ perceptions of their witness/victim interviewing practices

Dando, C., Wilcock, R. & Milne, R. · 2008

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 13(1), 59-70

The cognitive interview: Novice police officers’ witness/victim interviewing practices

Dando, C.J., Wilcock, R. & Milne, R. · 2009

Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(8), 679-696

Protecting eyewitness evidence: Examining the efficacy of a self-administered interview tool

Gabbert, F., Hope, L. & Fisher, R.P. · 2009

Law and Human Behavior, 33(4), 298-307

Who said what and when? Development and testing of a timeline approach to eliciting information and intelligence about conversations, plots and plans

Hope, L., Gabbert, F., Kinninger, M., Kontogianni, F., Bracey, A. & Hanger, A. · 2019

Law and Human Behavior, 43(3), 263-277

Who? What? When? Using a timeline technique to facilitate recall of a complex event

Hope, L., Mullis, R. & Gabbert, F. · 2013

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(1), 20-24

Investigative Interviewing

Bull, R. (Ed.) · 2014

Springer

Interviewing suspects: Practice, science, and future directions

Perillo, J.T. · 2010

Legal and Criminological Psychology

Will it all end in tiers? Police interviews with suspects in Britain

Griffiths, A. & Milne, B. · 2006

In T. Williamson (Ed.), Investigative Interviewing: Rights, Research, Regulation

Improving the competency of police officers in conducting investigative interviews with children

Powell, M.B., Wright, R. & Clark, S. · 2010

Police Practice and Research, 11(3), 211-226

Police officers’ perceptions of their reactions to viewing internet child exploitation material

Powell, M.B., Cassematis, P.G., Benson, M.S., Smallbone, S. & Wortley, R. · 2015

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 30(2), 103-111

The impact of Internet crimes against children work on relationships with families and friends: An exploratory study

Craun, S.W., Bourke, M.L. & Coulson, F.N. · 2015

Journal of Family Violence, 30, 393-402

The impact of alertness vs. fatigue on interrogators in an actigraphic study of field investigations

Krizan, Z., Miller, A.J., Meissner, C.A. & Jones, M.S. · 2023

Scientific Reports, 13, 6135

Investigative Interviewing Courses for Police Officers: An Evaluation

McGurk, B.J., Carr, M.J. & McGurk, D. · 1993

Police Research Series Paper No. 4, Home Office

Child abuse investigation: police officers and secondary traumatic stress

Perron, B.E. & Hiltz, B.S. · 2006

(see linked search for full details)

Coping With Secondary Traumatic Stress: Differences Between UK and US Child Exploitation Personnel

Bourke, M.L. & Craun, S.W. · 2014

Traumatology, 20(1), 57-64

Crimes Against Caring: Exploring the Risk of Secondary Traumatic Stress, Burnout, and Compassion Satisfaction Among Child Exploitation Investigators

Brady, P.Q. · 2017

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32, 305-318

The Role of Empathy in Professional Quality of Life: a Study on Australian Police Officers Working in Sexual Assault and Child Abuse Investigation

Papazoglou, K. et al. · 2021

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology

Assessing the efficacy of investigative interviewing training courses: A systematic review

Akca, D., Dion Lariviere, C. & Eastwood, J. · 2021

(see linked search for full details)

Investigative interviewing skills in policing: examining the transfer of training into workplace practices

Mount, D. & Mazerolle, L. · 2021

Policing: An International Journal, 44(3)

Transfer of Avatar Training Effects to Investigative Field Interviews of Children Conducted by Police Officers

Pompedda, F. et al. · 2022

(see linked search for full details)

Teaching child investigative interviewing skills: long-term retention requires cumulative training

Brubacher, S.P., Shulman, E.P., Bearman, M.J. & Powell, M.B. · 2022

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 28(1), 123-136

Critical analysis of police interview techniques

Fisher, R.P., Geiselman, R.E. & Raymond, D.S. · 1987

Journal of Police Science and Administration, 15, 177-185

A field study of adult witness interviewing practices in a Canadian police organization

Snook, B. & Keating, K. · 2011

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 16(1), 160-172

Where Bias Begins: a Snapshot of Police Officers’ Beliefs About Factors that Influence the Investigative Interview with Suspects

Bull Kovera, M. et al. · 2018

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology

Why innovations in policing don’t work or don’t translate: An implementation science survey of US police leaders

del Pozo, B., Nevill, R.E., Cepeda, J., Adams, I.T., Whiteside, A. & Thompson, E. · 2024

CrimRxiv

Supervisory and self-evaluation of investigative interviewing performance

Walsh, D. · 2013

Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 5, 1-13

Towards a suicide-responsive police culture: police experiences of working with suicide

Thorne, B., Smith, P. & Kiyimba, N. · 2024

Police Practice and Research, 101-117

Conducting Effective Investigations: Rapid Evidence Assessment

College of Policing · 2022

College of Policing

Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing

President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing · 2015

Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice

Detection of Deception in Forensic Interviews

Guerin, L.

Unanticipated questions can yield unanticipated outcomes in investigative interviews

Ormerod, T.

PLOS ONE

(In)accuracy at Detecting True and False Confessions and Denials: An Initial Test of a Projected Motive Model of Veracity Judgments

Blair, J.P. · 2010

Human Communication Research

Interviewing and Credibility

Colwell, K. · 2002

Applied Cognitive Psychology

Unexpected questions in deception detection interviews: Does question order matter?

Tkacheva, D. · 2019

Legal and Criminological Psychology

Strategic Interviewing to Detect Deception: Cues to Deception across Repeated Interviews

Ibabe, I. · 2016

Frontiers in Psychology

The language of deceit: An investigation of the verbal clues to deception in the interrogation context

Porter, S. · 1996

Law and Human Behavior

A Study on the Use of Speech Acts and the Levels of Trustworthiness in Investigative Interviews

Firdaus, A.Y. · 2018

PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature

A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta-analysis

Vrij, A., Fisher, R.P. & Blank, H. · 2017

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 22(1), 1-21

A critical look at meta-analytic evidence for the cognitive approach to lie detection: A re-examination of Vrij, Fisher, and Blank (2017)

Levine, T.R., Blair, J.P. & Carpenter, C.J. · 2018

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 23(1), 7-19

Cues to deception

DePaulo, B.M., Lindsay, J.J., Malone, B.E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K. & Cooper, H. · 2003

Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 74-118

Pitfalls and opportunities in nonverbal and verbal lie detection

Vrij, A., Granhag, P.A. & Porter, S. · 2010

Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(3), 89-121

Strategic use of evidence during police interviews: When training to detect deception works

Hartwig, M., Granhag, P.A., Stromwall, L.A. & Kronkvist, O. · 2006

Law and Human Behavior, 30(5), 603-619

Lessons from Pinocchio: Cues to deception may be highly exaggerated

Luke, T.J. · 2019

Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(4), 646-671

Verbal lie detection: Its past, present and future

Vrij, A., Granhag, P.A., Ashkenazi, T., Ganis, G., Leal, S. & Fisher, R.P. · 2022

Brain Sciences, 12(12), 1644

Exploiting liars’ verbal strategies by examining the verifiability of details

Nahari, G., Vrij, A. & Fisher, R.P. · 2014

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 19(2), 227-239

Statement Validity Analysis and the ‘detection of the truth’

Kohnken, G. · 2004

In P.A. Granhag & L.A. Stromwall (Eds.), The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts, Cambridge University Press

Undeutsch hypothesis and Criteria Based Content Analysis: A meta-analytic review

Amado, B.G., Arce, R. & Farina, F. · 2015

The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 7(1), 3-12

Reality monitoring

Johnson, M.K. & Raye, C.L. · 1981

Psychological Review, 88(1), 67-85

The Strategic Use of Evidence Technique: A Conceptual Overview

Granhag, P.A. & Hartwig, M. · 2015

In P.A. Granhag, A. Vrij & B. Verschuere (Eds.), Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches, Wiley

Strategic use of evidence during investigative interviews: The state of the science

Hartwig, M., Granhag, P.A. & Luke, T. · 2014

In D.C. Raskin, C.R. Honts & J.C. Kircher (Eds.), Credibility Assessment: Scientific Research and Applications, Academic Press

Accuracy of Deception Judgments

Bond, C.F. & DePaulo, B.M. · 2006

Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 214-234

Truth-Default Theory (TDT): A Theory of Human Deception and Deception Detection

Levine, T.R. · 2014

Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(4), 378-392

The Polygraph and Lie Detection

National Research Council · 2003

National Academies Press

Current status of forensic lie detection with the comparison question technique: An update of the 2003 National Academy of Sciences report on polygraph testing

Iacono, W.G. & Ben-Shakhar, G. · 2019

Law and Human Behavior, 43(1), 86-98

The validity of the lie detector: Two surveys of scientific opinion

Iacono, W.G. & Lykken, D.T. · 1997

Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 426-433

A meta-analytic review of the timing for disclosing evidence when interviewing suspects

Oleszkiewicz, S. & Watson, S.J. · 2020

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(2), 342-359

When should evidence be disclosed in an interview with a suspect? An experiment with mock-suspects

Sellers, S. & Kebbell, M.R. · 2009

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 6(2), 151-160

A psycho-linguistic profile of online grooming conversations: A comparative study of prison and police staff considerations

Broome, L.J., Izura, C. & Davies, J. · 2020

Child Abuse & Neglect, 109, 104647

Criteria-based content analysis: A qualitative review of the first 37 studies

Vrij, A. · 2005

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11(1), 3-41

Statement validity assessment: Inter-rater reliability of Criteria-Based Content Analysis in the mock-crime paradigm

Godert, H.W., Gamer, M., Rill, H.G. & Vossel, G. · 2005

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 10(2), 225-245

A systematic review of the validity of Criteria-based Content Analysis in child sexual abuse cases and other field studies

Volbert, R. & Steller, M. · 2024

Psychology, Crime & Law

Examining the Effects of Evidence Disclosure Timing and Strength on Information Inconsistencies and Provision within Investigative Interviews

Moffett, L., Oxburgh, G., Dresser, P., Gabbert, F. & Watson, S.J. · 2022

Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism

The effect of tailored reciprocity on information provision in an investigative interview

Oostinga, M.S.D., Rispa Hoyos, M.L.F. & Watson, S.J. · 2024

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law

Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN) Cannot Distinguish Between Truthful and Fabricated Accounts of a Negative Event

Bogaard, G., Meijer, E.H., Vrij, A. & Merckelbach, H. · 2016

Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 243

A validity assessment of written statements from suspects in criminal investigations using the SCAN technique

Driscoll, L.N. · 1994

Police Studies, 17(4), 77-88

Indicators of veracity and deception: an analysis of written statements made to police

Jupe, L.M. et al. · 2017

(see linked search for full details)

Validity of content-based techniques for credibility assessment: How telling is an extended meta-analysis taking research bias into account?

Oberlader, V.A., Quinten, L., Banse, R., Volbert, R., Schmidt, A.F. & Schonbrodt, F.D. · 2021

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(2), 1-18

Guilty and innocent suspects’ strategies during police interrogations

Hartwig, M., Granhag, P.A. & Stromwall, L.A. · 2007

Psychology, Crime & Law, 13(2), 213-227

A new theoretical perspective on deception detection: On the psychology of instrumental mind-reading

Granhag, P.A. & Hartwig, M. · 2008

Psychology, Crime & Law, 14(3), 189-200

Detecting deception via strategic disclosure of evidence

Hartwig, M., Granhag, P.A., Stromwall, L.A. & Vrij, A. · 2005

Law and Human Behavior, 29(4), 469-484

Police officers’ views of effective interview tactics with suspects: The effects of weight of case evidence and discomfort with ambiguity

Hakkinen, H., Ask, K., Kebbell, M., Alison, L. & Granhag, P.A. · 2009

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(4), 468-481

The usual and the unusual suspects: Level of suspicion and counter-interrogation tactics

Granhag, P.A., Clemens, F. & Stromwall, L.A. · 2009

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 6(2), 129-137

Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches

Granhag, P.A., Vrij, A. & Verschuere, B. (Eds.) · 2015

Wiley

The language of high-stakes truths and lies: Linguistic analysis of true and deceptive statements made during sexual homicide interrogations

Thompson, A.D. & Hartwig, M. · 2023

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 28(1), 34-44

Outsmarting the Liars: Toward a Cognitive Lie Detection Approach

Vrij, A., Granhag, P.A., Mann, S. & Leal, S. · 2011

Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 28-32

Increasing cognitive load to facilitate lie detection: The benefit of recalling an event in reverse order

Vrij, A., Mann, S., Fisher, R., Leal, S., Milne, B. & Bull, R. · 2008

Law and Human Behavior, 32(3), 253-265

Outsmarting the liars: The benefit of asking unanticipated questions

Vrij, A., Leal, S., Mann, S., Warmelink, L., Granhag, P.A. & Fisher, R.P. · 2009

Law and Human Behavior, 33(2), 159-166

Does the cognitive approach to lie detection improve the accuracy of human observers?

Mac Giolla, E. & Luke, T.J. · 2021

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(2), 385-392

You cannot hide your telephone lies: Providing a model statement as an aid to detect deception in insurance telephone calls

Leal, S., Vrij, A., Warmelink, L., Vernham, Z. & Fisher, R.P. · 2015

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20(1), 129-146

Eliciting reliable information in investigative interviews

Vrij, A., Hope, L. & Fisher, R.P. · 2014

Policy Insights from Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 129-136

Interviewing to elicit information: Using priming to promote disclosure

Dawson, E., Hartwig, M. & Brimbal, L. · 2015

Law and Human Behavior, 39(5), 443-450

Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage

Ekman, P. · 1985

W.W. Norton

Pausing and the ‘Othello Error’: Patterns of pausing in truthful and deceptive speech in the DyViS database

Kirchhubel, C. et al. · 2023

(see linked search for full details)

The GSR in the detection of guilt

Lykken, D.T. · 1959

Journal of Applied Psychology, 43(6), 385-388

The validity of psychophysiological detection of information with the Guilty Knowledge Test: A meta-analytic review

Ben-Shakhar, G. & Elaad, E. · 2003

Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 131-151

Deception detection with behavioral, autonomic, and neural measures: Conceptual and methodological considerations that warrant modesty

Meijer, E.H., Verschuere, B., Gamer, M., Merckelbach, H. & Ben-Shakhar, G. · 2016

Psychophysiology, 53(5), 593-604

Memory Detection: Theory and Application of the Concealed Information Test

Verschuere, B., Ben-Shakhar, G. & Meijer, E. (Eds.) · 2011

Cambridge University Press

Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification

National Research Council · 2014

The National Academies Press

The Cognitive Interview method of conducting police interviews

Fisher, R.P. & Geiselman, R.E. · 2010

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 33(5-6), 321-328

The Cognitive Interview: A meta-analytic review and study space analysis of the past 25 years

Memon, A., Meissner, C.A. & Fraser, J. · 2010

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(4), 340-372

Police officers’ perceptions of eyewitness performance in forensic investigations

Kebbell, M.R. & Milne, R. · 1998

The Journal of Social Psychology, 138(3), 323-330

Achieving Best Evidence in Criminal Proceedings: Guidance on Interviewing Victims and Witnesses, and Guidance on Using Special Measures

Ministry of Justice · 2022

UK Ministry of Justice

The use and efficacy of empathy in police interviews with suspects of sexual offences

Oxburgh, G. & Ost, J. · 2011

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8(2), 178-188

Perceived credibility and eyewitness testimony of children with intellectual disabilities

Henry, L.A., Ridley, A., Perry, J. & Crane, L. · 2011

Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(4), 385-391

Eyewitness testimony in autism spectrum disorder: A review

Maras, K.L. & Bowler, D.M. · 2014

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 2682-2697

Interviewing autistic adults: Adaptations to support recall in police, employment, and healthcare interviews

Norris, J.E., Crane, L. & Maras, K. · 2020

Autism, 24(6), 1506-1520

Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory

Loftus, E.F. & Palmer, J.C. · 1974

Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13(5), 585-589

Eyewitness testimony

Wells, G.L. & Olson, E.A. · 2003

Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 277-295

Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory

Loftus, E.F. · 2005

Learning & Memory, 12(4), 361-366

Enhancing Older Adults’ Eyewitness Memory for Present and Future Events With the Self-Administered Interview

Gawrylowicz, J. et al. · 2014

Psychology and Aging, 29(3), 717-728

Drawing to Remember: External Support of Older Adults’ Eyewitness Performance

Wetmore, S.A. et al. · 2015

(see linked search for full details)

People with Dementia as Witnesses to Emotional Events

Cahill, L. & Edmonds, E.C. · 2009

U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice

Interviewing rape complainants: Police officers’ perceptions of interview format and quality of evidence

Westera, N., Kebbell, M. & Milne, B. · 2011

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(6), 917-926

It is better, but does it look better? Prosecutor perceptions of using rape complainant investigative interviews as evidence

Westera, N., Kebbell, M. & Milne, B. · 2013

Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(7), 595-610

Want a better criminal justice response to rape? Improve police interviews with complainants and suspects

Westera, N., Kebbell, M. & Milne, R. · 2016

Violence Against Women, 22(14), 1748-1769

Field test of the cognitive interview: Enhancing the recollection of actual victims and witnesses of crime

Fisher, R.P., Geiselman, R.E. & Amador, M. · 1989

Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 722-727

Interviewing Adult Complainants in Sexual Assault Cases

Chenier, K. & Milne, R. (et al.) · 2021

In International Handbook of Legal and Investigative Psychology, Springer

Victims of sexual offences: aspects impacting on participation, cooperation and engagement with the interview process

Waterhouse, G.F. et al. · 2022

(see linked search for full details)

Increasing disclosures of older adult maltreatment: a review of best practices for interviewing older adult eyewitnesses and victims

Wyman, J. & Malloy, L. · 2023

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 31(2), 274-292

Canadian law enforcement perceptions of older adult maltreatment, interviewing practices and training needs

Wyman, J. et al. · 2025

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology

Cross-Cultural Differences in Eyewitness Memory Reports

Anakwah, N., Horselenberg, R., Hope, L., Amankwah-Poku, M. & van Koppen, P.J. · 2020

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(2), 504-515

A Cross-Cultural and Intra-Cultural Investigation of the Misinformation Effect in Eyewitness Memory Reports

Anakwah, N., Horselenberg, R., Hope, L., Amankwah-Poku, M. & van Koppen, P.J. · 2024

Applied Cognitive Psychology

Change blindness and eyewitness testimony

Davies, G. et al. · 2007

The Journal of Psychology, 141(4), 423-434

Police and prosecutors’ perceptions of adult sexual assault evidence associated with case authorisation and conviction

Korkman, J., Otgaar, H., Geven, L.M., Bull, R., Cyr, M., Hershkowitz, I., Mattison, M. et al. · 2015

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 30, 213-220

The vulnerability of suspects with intellectual disabilities during police interviews: A review and experimental study of decision-making

Clare, I.C.H. & Gudjonsson, G.H. · 1995

Mental Handicap Research, 8(2), 110-128

Interviewing adults with intellectual disabilities

Gudjonsson, G. & Joyce, T. · 2011

Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities, 5(2), 16-21

The efficacy of the Appropriate Adult safeguard during police interviewing

Medford, S., Gudjonsson, G. & Pearse, J. · 2003

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 8(2), 253-266

Interviewing witnesses with learning disability for legal purposes: A review

Milne, R. & Bull, R. · 2001

British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 29(3), 93-97

The effectiveness of police custody assessments in identifying suspects with intellectual disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Young, S. et al. · 2013

BMC Medicine, 11, 248

Child and adult witnesses with intellectual disability: the importance of suggestibility

Gudjonsson, G.H. & Henry, L. · 2010

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 8(2), 241-252

‘I’m listening to you, but I can’t hear you’: perspectives of autistic adults, investigators and support staff on police suspect interviews

Bagnall, R. et al. · 2025

Psychology, Crime & Law

Police suspect interviews with autistic adults: The impact of truth telling versus deception on testimony

Maras, K.L. et al. · 2023

Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1117415

Evaluating the effectiveness of the Self-Administered Interview© for witnesses with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Maras, K.L. & Bowler, D.M. · 2014

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(5), 693-701

Metacognitive monitoring and control of eyewitness memory reports in autism

Maras, K., Norris, J.E. & Brewer, N. · 2020

Autism Research, 13(11), 2017-2029

Eye-witness memory and suggestibility in children with Asperger syndrome

McCrory, E. et al. · 2007

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(5), 482-489

The Witness-Aimed First Account (WAFA): A new technique for interviewing autistic witnesses and victims

Maras, K., Norris, J.E., Nicholson, J., Heasman, B., Remington, A. & Crane, L. · 2020

(see linked search for full details)

Double-blind photo lineups using actual eyewitnesses: An experimental test of a sequential versus simultaneous lineup procedure

Wells, G.L., Steblay, N.K. & Dysart, J.E. · 2015

Law and Human Behavior, 39(1), 1-14

Eyewitness identification procedures: Recommendations for lineups and photospreads

Wells, G.L., Small, M., Penrod, S., Malpass, R.S., Fulero, S.M. & Brimacombe, C.A.E. · 1998

Law and Human Behavior, 22(6), 603-647

Improving eyewitness identifications from lineups: Simultaneous versus sequential lineup presentation

Lindsay, R.C.L. & Wells, G.L. · 1985

Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(3), 556-564

The Relationship Between Eyewitness Confidence and Identification Accuracy: A New Synthesis

Wixted, J.T. & Wells, G.L. · 2017

Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18(1), 10-65

The confidence-accuracy relation in eyewitness identification: Effects of lineup instructions, foil similarity, and target-absent base rates

Brewer, N. & Wells, G.L. · 2006

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 12(1), 11-30

The damaging effect of confirming feedback on the relation between eyewitness certainty and identification accuracy

Bradfield, A.L., Wells, G.L. & Olson, E.A. · 2002

Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 112-120

When law enforcement interview witnesses and write their statements

Walsh, D., Areh, I., Minhas, R. & Menzies, S.L. · 2023

(see linked search for full details)

False allegations of sexual assault: An analysis of ten years of reported cases

Lisak, D., Gardinier, L., Nicksa, S.C. & Cote, A.M. · 2010

Violence Against Women, 16(12), 1318-1334

Unfounding sexual assault: Examining the decision to unfound and identifying false reports

Spohn, C., White, C. & Tellis, K. · 2014

Law & Society Review, 48(1), 161-192

Alcohol intoxication impairs eyewitness memory and increases suggestibility: Two field studies

Van Oorsouw, K., Merckelbach, H. & Smeets, T. · 2019

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(3), 439-455

A meta-analysis of the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on witness recall

Jores, T., Colloff, M.F., Kloft, L., Smailes, H. & Flowe, H.D. · 2019

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(3), 334-343

Police Decision-Making in the Absence of Evidence-Based Guidelines: Assessment of Alcohol-Intoxicated Eyewitnesses

Pettersson, D., Bergquist, M. & Hagsand, A.V. · 2022

(see linked search for full details)

Vulnerable suspects in police interviews: exploring current practice in England and Wales

Farrugia, L. & Gabbert, F. · 2019

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 17(1), 17-30

Forensic interviewing of mentally disordered suspects: The impact of interview style on investigation outcomes

Farrugia, L. & Gabbert, F. · 2022

Current Psychology, 41(5), 3216-3224

Effective evaluation of forensic interviews: The Forensic Interview Trace (FIT)

Farrugia, L., Oxburgh, G. & Gabbert, F. · 2019

Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 10(1), 20-31

The ‘appropriate adult’: what they do and what they should do in police interviews with mentally disordered suspects

Farrugia, L. & Gabbert, F. · 2019

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 29(3), 134-141

Suspect interviewing and mental health in the UK: An overview

Farrugia, L. & Milne, R. · 2015

Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 4(2), 24-32

Evaluation of Forensic Interviews and Interrogations: A Thematic Analysis of Law-Enforcement Views

Farrugia, L., Gabbert, F. & Oxburgh, G. · 2024

(see linked search for full details)

Forensic Interviewing of Vulnerable Interviewees in England and Wales: A Study Space Analysis

Farrugia, L. et al. · 2025

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology

The emerging role of the Registered Intermediary with the vulnerable witness and offender: facilitating communication with the police and members of the judiciary

O'Mahony, B.M. · 2010

British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38(3), 232-237

The early identification of vulnerable witnesses prior to an investigative interview

O'Mahony, B.M., Smith, K. & Milne, B. · 2011

The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 13(2), 114-123

Multiple Personality Research Calls for Better Guidance for Police Interviews

O'Mahony, B.M., Milne, B. & Smith, K. · 2023

Journal of Forensic Practice

“A Day Late and a Dollar Short”: In Search of an Intermediary Scheme for Vulnerable Defendants in England and Wales

Cooper, P. & Wurtzel, D. · 2013

Criminal Law Review, 2013(1), 4-22

Special Measures Literature Review

Fairclough, S. · 2020

Oxford Centre for Criminology / Office for Victims' Commissioner

Vulnerable and intimidated witnesses: Special measures, competence, consent and cross-examination

Cooper, P. · 2016

(see linked search for full details)

Contrasting the perceptions of child testimony experts, parents and police officers regarding individual child abuse interviews

Powell, M.B., Wright, R. & Hughes-Scholes, C.H. · 2011

Psychology, Crime & Law, 17(7), 611-632

Why do the police interview eyewitnesses? Interview objectives and the evaluation of eyewitness performance

Kebbell, M.R. & Wagstaff, G.F. · 1997

The Journal of Psychology, 131(6), 595-601

Understanding of the current police caution (England and Wales)

Clare, I.C.H., Gudjonsson, G.H. & Harari, P.M. · 1998

Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 8(5), 323-329

Understanding of the current police caution (England & Wales) among suspects in police detention

Fenner, S., Gudjonsson, G.H. & Clare, I.C.H. · 2002

Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12(2), 83-93

Interviewing victims of crime, including children and people with intellectual disabilities

Milne, R. & Bull, R. · 2006

In M. Kebbell & G. Davies (Eds.), Practical Psychology for Forensic Investigations and Prosecutions, Wiley

Neurodiversity in Custody: Screening Results for ADHD and Autistic Traits in Individuals Arrested by the London Metropolitan Police

Brown, S.B.C. et al. · 2025

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Autism and police interviewing: an individual, interpersonal, and environmental model of vulnerability

Bagnall, R. & Maras, K. · 2025

In The Routledge Handbook of Disability, Crime, and Justice, Routledge

“Breaking down the barriers”: evaluating practitioners’ training and practice with neurodivergent people in police custody

Holloway-George, C. et al. · 2026

Policing: An International Journal

Do you have any difficulties that I may not be aware of? A study of autism awareness and understanding in the UK police service

Chown, N. et al. · 2020

International Journal of Police Science and Management

The effects of drawing during interviews

Mattison, M.L.A. & Dando, C.J. · 2020

(see linked search for full details)

The impact of investigative interviews on rape victims: Towards a more effective framework for police investigators

Webster, W. · 2021

PhD thesis, Newcastle University

Recruiting Eyewitness Science in Criminal Investigations: The Pocket Man Case

Rachlew, A., Brøste, I.-L., Melinder, A.M.D. & Magnussen, S. · 2020

Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 20(3), 205-213

Interrogating Vulnerability: Reframing the Vulnerable Suspect in Police Custody

Dehaghani, R. · 2021

Social & Legal Studies, 30(3), 426-448

Police perspectives on interviewing older adult victims and witnesses: Preliminary findings and call for future research

Brubacher, S.P. & Warren, K.L. · 2022

Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 23(5)

A structured forensic interview protocol improves the quality and informativeness of investigative interviews with children: A review of research using the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol

Lamb, M.E., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Esplin, P.W. & Horowitz, D. · 2007

Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(11-12), 1201-1231

The effects of intensive training and ongoing supervision on the quality of investigative interviews with alleged sex abuse victims

Lamb, M.E., Sternberg, K.J., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Horowitz, D. & Esplin, P.W. · 2002

Applied Developmental Science, 6(3), 114-125

The NICHD protocol: A review of an internationally-used evidence-based tool for training child forensic interviewers

La Rooy, D., Brubacher, S.P., Aromaki-Stratos, A. et al. · 2015

Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, 1(2), 76-89

Investigative Interviews of Children: A Guide for Helping Professionals

Poole, D.A. & Lamb, M.E. · 1998

American Psychological Association

Improving credibility assessment in child sexual abuse allegations: The role of the NICHD investigative interview protocol

Hershkowitz, I., Fisher, S., Lamb, M.E. & Horowitz, D. · 2007

Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(2), 99-110

The NICHD Protocol: Guide to Follow Recommended Investigative Interview Practices at the Barnahus?

Johansson, S. et al. · 2017

In Barnahus and the Future of Children's Rights, Springer

Investigative Interviews with Victims of Child Sexual Abuse: The Relationship between Question Type and Investigation Relevant Information

Phillips, E., Oxburgh, G., Gavin, A. & Myklebust, T. · 2012

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 27(1), 45-54

Interviewing children in sexual abuse cases

Yuille, J.C., Hunter, R., Joffe, R. & Zaparniuk, J. · 1993

In G.S. Goodman & B.L. Bottoms (Eds.), Child Victims, Child Witnesses (pp. 95-116), Guilford Press

The Step-Wise Guidelines for Child Interviews: The New Generation

Yuille, J.C., Cooper, B.S. & Herve, H.F. · 2009

The Forensic Practice

Finding Words: Half a Nation by 2010: Interviewing Children and Preparing for Court

Walters, S., Holmes, L., Bauer, G. & Vieth, V. · 2003

American Prosecutors Research Institute

Criminal investigations of child abuse: The research behind “best practices”

Jones, L.M., Cross, T.P., Walsh, W. & Simone, M. · 2005

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6(3), 254-268

Conversational apprentices: Helping children become competent informants about their own experiences

Lamb, M.E. & Brown, D.A. · 2006

British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24(1), 215-234

Socioemotional factors in child sexual abuse investigations

Hershkowitz, I. · 2009

Child Maltreatment, 14(2), 172-181

Adherence to the step-wise interview protocol by trained RCMP investigators during forensic sexual abuse interviews with children

Hewlett, M.G. & Hardy, C. · 2000

(see linked search for full details)

Repeated Interviews and Children’s Memory: It’s More Than Just How Many

Goodman, G.S. & Quas, J.A. · 2008

Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(6), 386-390

The effect of a five-month delay on children’s and adults’ eyewitness memory

Flin, R., Boon, J., Knox, A. & Bull, R. · 1992

British Journal of Psychology, 83(3), 323-336

Tell Me What Happened: Questioning Children About Abuse (2nd ed.)

Lamb, M.E., Brown, D.A., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, I. & Esplin, P.W. · 2018

Wiley-Blackwell

Disclosure of child sexual abuse: What does the research tell us about the ways that children tell?

London, K., Bruck, M., Ceci, S.J. & Shuman, D.W. · 2005

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11(1), 194-226

Filial dependency and recantation of child sexual abuse allegations

Malloy, L.C., Lyon, T.D. & Quas, J.A. · 2007

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(2), 162-170

Expected consequences of disclosure revealed in investigative interviews with suspected victims of child sexual abuse

Malloy, L.C., Brubacher, S.P. & Lamb, M.E. · 2011

Applied Developmental Science, 15(1), 8-19

Disclosure of child sexual abuse: Delays, non-disclosure and partial disclosure. What the research tells us and implications for practice

McElvaney, R. · 2015

Child Abuse Review, 24(3), 159-169

Assessing the effectiveness of the NICHD Investigative Interview protocol when interviewing French-speaking alleged victims of child sexual abuse in Quebec

Cyr, M. & Lamb, M.E. · 2009

Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(5), 257-268

Meta-analysis of the effects of two interviewing practices on children’s disclosures of sensitive information: Rapport practices and question type

Lavoie, J., Wyman, J., Crossman, A.M. & Talwar, V. · 2021

Child Abuse & Neglect, 113, 104930

The burden of proof of the Dutch police: Why the scenario model continues to deliver low-quality child interviews

Otgaar, H., de Ruiter, C., La Rooy, D., Horselenberg, R., Hershkowitz, I. & Geijsen, K. · 2019

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(5), 901-903

Improving Children’s Interviewing Methods? The Effects of Drawing and Practice on Children’s Memories for an Event

Otgaar, H., van Ansem, R., Pauw, C. & Horselenberg, R. · 2016

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 31(4), 279-287

Clothed and unclothed human figure drawings lead to more correct and incorrect reports of touch in children

Otgaar, H., Horselenberg, R., van Kampen, R. & Lalleman, K. · 2012

Psychology, Crime & Law, 18(7), 641-653

A Case Concerning Children’s False Memories of Abuse: Recommendations Regarding Expert Witness Work

Otgaar, H., de Ruiter, C., Howe, M.L., Hoetmer, L. & van Reekum, P. · 2017

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(3), 365-378

Children exposed to obscene phone calls: What they remember and tell

Leander, L., Granhag, P.A. & Christianson, S.A. · 2005

Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(8), 871-888

Failing to Keep it Simple: Language Use in Child Sexual Abuse Interviews with 3-8-Year-Old Children

Korkman, J., Santtila, P., Drzewiecki, T. & Sandnabba, N.K. · 2008

Psychology, Crime and Law, 14(1), 41-60

Who made the disclosure? Recorded conversations between children and caretakers suspecting child abuse

Korkman, J., Juusola, A. & Santtila, P. · 2014

Psychology, Crime and Law, 20(10), 994-1004

The suggestibility of children: Scientific research and legal implications

Ceci, S.J. & Friedman, R.D. · 2000

Cornell Law Review, 86, 33-108

Interviewing preschoolers: Effects of nonsuggestive techniques, parental coaching, and leading questions on reports of nonexperienced events

Poole, D.A. & Lindsay, D.S. · 1995

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 60(1), 129-154

White paper on forensic child interviewing: research-based recommendations by the European Association of Psychology and Law

European Association of Psychology and Law · 2024

Psychology, Crime & Law

Disorder in the courtroom? Child witnesses under cross-examination

Righarts, S. et al. · 2013

(see linked search for full details)

Children as Suspects or Accused Persons in Criminal Proceedings — Procedural Safeguards

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) · 2022

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights

The Report of the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse

Jay, A., Evans, M., Frank, I. & Sharpling, D. (Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse) · 2022

IICSA / UK Government

Age of Criminal Responsibility (Scotland) Act 2019 — Part 4: Police Investigatory and Other Powers: Statutory Guidance on Investigative Interviews

Scottish Government · 2021

Scottish Government

Final Report of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse

Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse · 2017

Commonwealth of Australia

Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises

Nickerson, R.S. · 1998

Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220

Motivational bias in criminal investigators’ judgments of witness reliability

Ask, K. & Granhag, P.A. · 2007

Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(3), 561-591

Motivational sources of confirmation bias in criminal investigations: The need for cognitive closure

Ask, K. & Granhag, P.A. · 2005

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2(1), 43-63

The forensic confirmation bias: Problems, perspectives, and proposed solutions

Kassin, S.M., Dror, I.E. & Kukucka, J. · 2013

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(1), 42-52

Criminal Investigative Failures

Rossmo, D.K. (Ed.) · 2009

CRC Press

The multiple dimensions of tunnel vision in criminal cases

Findley, K.A. & Scott, M.S. · 2006

Wisconsin Law Review, 291

Cognitive and Human Factors in Expert Decision Making: Six Fallacies and the Eight Sources of Bias

Dror, I.E. · 2020

Analytical Chemistry, 92(12), 7998-8004

Contextual information renders experts vulnerable to making erroneous identifications

Dror, I.E., Charlton, D. & Peron, A.E. · 2006

Forensic Science International, 156(1), 74-78

Linear Sequential Unmasking-Expanded (LSU-E): A general approach for improving decision making as well as minimizing noise and bias

Dror, I.E. & Kukucka, J. · 2021

Forensic Science International: Synergy, 3, 100161

Hypothesis-testing processes in social interaction

Snyder, M. & Swann, W.B. · 1978

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(11), 1202-1212

Decision making and decisional tipping points in homicide investigations: An interview study of British and Norwegian detectives

Fahsing, I.A. & Ask, K. · 2013

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 10(2), 155-165

Analyzing decision logs to understand decision making in serious crime investigations

Dando, C.J. & Ormerod, T.C. · 2017

Human Factors, 59(8), 1188-1203

Creating a gold-standard for investigative interviewing with suspects: a Delphi study

Lino, D., Milne, R., Fahsing, I. & Roazzi, A. · 2025

Psychology, Crime & Law

Let’s Find the Evidence: An Analogue Study of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigations

Rassin, E., Eerland, A. & Kuijpers, I. · 2010

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 7(3), 231-246

Prime suspect: An examination of factors that aggravate and counteract confirmation bias in criminal investigations

O'Brien, B. · 2009

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 15(4), 315-334

Confirmation bias in simulated CSA interviews: How abuse assumption influences interviewing and decision-making processes?

Zhang, Y. et al. · 2022

Legal and Criminological Psychology

What is investigative interviewing (and what is it not)? A primer on the ethos of suspect interviewing

May, L., Fahsing, I.A., Kelly, C., Barela, S., Milne, R. & Bull, R. · 2025

Journal of Criminal Psychology

Have you considered the opposite? A debiasing strategy for judgment in criminal investigation

Fahsing, I., Rachlew, A. & May, L. · 2021

The Police Journal, 96(1), 45-60

Developing a scale to measure the presence of possible prejudicial stereotyping in police interviews with suspects: The Minhas Investigative Interviewing Prejudicial Stereotyping Scale (MIIPSS)

Minhas, R., Walsh, D. & Bull, R. · 2017

Police Practice and Research, 18(2), 132-145

A review of cultural and ethnic bias in investigative decision-making: selected cases

Minhas, R. & Frumkin, L. · 2023

Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 21(3), 207-229

A Survey of Police Officers’ and Prosecutors’ Beliefs About Crime Victim Behaviors

Ask, K. · 2010

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(6), 1132-1149

Rapport-building with cooperative witnesses and criminal suspects: A theoretical and empirical review

Vallano, J.P. & Schreiber Compo, N. · 2015

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 21(1), 85-99

Why tough tactics fail and rapport gets results: Observing Rapport-Based Interpersonal Techniques (ORBIT) to generate useful information from terrorists

Alison, L., Alison, E., Noone, G., Elntib, S. & Christiansen, P. · 2013

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 19(4), 411-431

ORBIT: The Science of Rapport-Based Interviewing for Law Enforcement, Security, and Military

Alison, L.J., Alison, E., Shortland, N. & Surmon-Bohr, F. · 2021

Oxford University Press

The efficacy of rapport based techniques for minimizing counter interrogation tactics amongst a field sample of terrorists

Alison, L., Alison, E., Noone, G., Elntib, S., Waring, S. & Christiansen, P. · 2014

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(4), 421-430

Whatever you say, say nothing: Individual differences in counter interrogation tactics amongst a field sample of right wing, AQ inspired and paramilitary terrorists

Alison, L., Alison, E., Noone, G., Elntib, S., Waring, S. & Christiansen, P. · 2014

Personality and Individual Differences

The role of rapport in investigative interviewing: A review

Abbe, A. & Brandon, S.E. · 2013

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 10(3), 237-249

Using rapport building to improve information yield when interviewing adolescents: A systematic review and call for research

Dianiska, R.E., Quas, J.A. & Lyon, T.D. · 2024

Child Abuse & Neglect, 154, 106898

On Courtroom Questioning: A Forensic Linguistic Analysis

Bagares, A. et al. · 2019

(see linked search for full details)

The effect of long-term training on police officers’ use of open and closed questions in field investigative interviews of children

Myklebust, T. & Bjorklund, R.A. · 2006

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 3(3), 165-181

Guide to questioning children during the free-narrative phase of an investigative interview

Powell, M.B. & Snow, P.C. · 2007

Australian Psychologist, 42(1), 57-65

Exploring Types and Functions of Questions in Police Interviews

Newbury, P. & Johnson, A. · 2006

In Communication in Investigative and Legal Contexts, Wiley-Blackwell

The dynamics of power and resistance in police interview discourse

Haworth, K. · 2006

Discourse & Society, 17(6), 739-759

Investigative interviewing of suspects: historical and contemporary developments in research

Walsh, D. & Oxburgh, G.E. · 2008

Forensic Update, 9(2), 41-45

Interpreter-mediated Police Interviews: A Discourse-Pragmatic Approach

Nakane, I. · 2014

Palgrave Macmillan

PEACE in interpreter-mediated investigative interviews: working together to achieve best evidence

Filipovic, L. et al. · 2022

(see linked search for full details)

Interpreter linguistic intervention in the strategies employed by police in investigative interviews

Lai, M. & Mulayim, S. · 2014

Police Practice and Research, 15(6), 453-467

Interpreter-mediated investigative interviews with minors: Setting the ground rules

Ericson, K.M. et al. · 2018

(see linked search for full details)

Crisis (hostage) negotiation: Current strategies and issues in high-risk conflict resolution

Vecchi, G.M., Van Hasselt, V.B. & Romano, S.J. · 2005

Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(5), 533-551

From an investigator’s perspective: challenges and opportunities in building and maintaining rapport in cross-cultural investigative interviewing contexts

Hope, L., Hawkins de Namor, N., Gabbert, F., Ferenczi, N. & Oxburgh, G. · 2026

Journal of Criminal Psychology, 16(2), 201-226

Psychological assumptions underlying credibility assessments in Finnish asylum determinations

Antfolk, J., van Veldhuizen, T. & Korkman, J. · 2022

Nordic Psychology

The effect of interpreters on eliciting information, cues to deceit and rapport

Ewens, S., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Mann, S., Jo, E. & Fisher, R.P. · 2016

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 21(2), 286-304

Interviewing asylum seekers: A vignette study on the questions asked to assess credibility of claims about origin and persecution

van Veldhuizen, T.S., Horselenberg, R., Landstrom, S., Granhag, P.A. & van Koppen, P.J. · 2017

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 14(1), 3-22

Empathy in the field: towards a taxonomy of empathic communication in information gathering interviews with suspected sex offenders

Dando, C.J. & Oxburgh, G.E. · 2015

The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8(1), 27-33

Rapport-building in suspects’ police interviews

Pounds, G. · 2019

(see linked search for full details)

An Economic Evaluation of the Impact of Using Rapport-Based Interviewing Approaches With Child Sexual Abuse Suspects

Giles, S., Alison, L., Christiansen, P., Humann, M., Alison, E. & Tejeiro, R. · 2021

Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 778970

No rapport, no comment: The relationship between rapport and communication during investigative interviews with suspects

Collins, K. & Carthy, N. · 2018

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 16(1), 18-31

Memory accuracy, suggestibility and credibility in investigative interviews with native and non-native eyewitnesses

Raver, A., Lindholm, T., Gustafsson, P.U. & Alm, C. · 2023

Frontiers in Psychology

Any friend of yours is a friend of mine: investigating the utilization of an interpreter in an investigative interview

Houston, K.A., Russano, M. & Ricks, E. · 2017

Psychology, Crime & Law, 23(5), 413-426

A cylindrical model of communication behavior in crisis negotiations

Taylor, P.J. · 2002

Human Communication Research, 28(1), 7-48

Linguistic style matching and negotiation outcome

Taylor, P.J. & Thomas, S. · 2008

Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 1(3), 263-281

The Language of Police Interviewing: A Critical Analysis

Heydon, G. · 2005

Palgrave Macmillan

‘From where we’re sat…’: Negotiating narrative transformation through interaction in police interviews with suspects

Johnson, A. · 2008

Text and Talk, 28(3), 327-349

Police Interviews with Women Reporting Rape: A Critical Discourse Analysis

MacLeod, N. · 2010

PhD thesis, Aston University

Police interviews with vulnerable people alleging sexual assault: Probing inconsistency and questioning conduct

Antaki, C., Richardson, E., Stokoe, E. & Willott, S. · 2015

Journal of Sociolinguistics, 19(3), 328-350

Specialist police interviewer perceptions of the enhanced cognitive interview: Usefulness, confidence and witness reliability

Wheatcroft, J.M., Wagstaff, G.F. & Russell, K. · 2013

Police Practice and Research, 15(6), 505-518

Examining the positive effects of rapport building: when and why does rapport building benefit adult eyewitness memory?

Kieckhaefer, J.M., Vallano, J.P. & Schreiber Compo, N. · 2014

Memory, 22(8), 1010-1023

Developing Rapport with Children in Forensic Interviews: Systematic Review of Experimental Research

Saywitz, K.J., Larson, R.P., Hobbs, S.D. & Wells, C.R. · 2015

Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 33(4), 372-389

Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology

Bartlett, F.C. · 1932

Cambridge University Press

Suggestibility of the child witness: A historical review and synthesis

Ceci, S.J. & Bruck, M. · 1993

Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 403-439

The malleability of eyewitness memory

Loftus, E.F. · 1979

Harvard University Press

Interviewing witnesses: The influence of the co-witness discussion on eyewitness memory

Gabbert, F., Memon, A. & Allan, K. · 2003

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(5), 533-543

Dealing With False Memories in Children and Adults: Recommendations for the Legal Arena

Otgaar, H., Howe, M.L., Muris, P. & Merckelbach, H. · 2019

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6(1), 87-93

The Return of the Repressed: The Persistent and Problematic Claims of Long-Forgotten Trauma

Otgaar, H., Howe, M.L., Patihis, L., Merckelbach, H., Lynn, S.J., Lilienfeld, S.O. & Loftus, E.F. · 2019

Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6), 1072-1095

A court ruled case on therapy-induced false memories

Otgaar, H. et al. · 2022

Journal of Forensic Sciences

The formation of false memories

Loftus, E.F. & Pickrell, J.E. · 1995

Psychiatric Annals, 25(12), 720-725

The suggestibility of children’s memory

Bruck, M. & Ceci, S.J. · 1999

Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 419-439

The Mendez Principles: Principles on Effective Interviewing for Investigations and Information Gathering

Mendez, J.E. et al. · 2021

APT / Norwegian Centre for Human Rights et al.

Obtaining guilty knowledge in human intelligence interrogations: Comparing accusatorial and information-gathering approaches with a novel experimental paradigm

Evans, J.R., Meissner, C.A., Ross, A.B., Houston, K.A., Russano, M.B. & Horgan, A.J. · 2013

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(2), 83-88

Investigative interviewing: From England to Norway and beyond

Bull, R. & Rachlew, A. · 2020

In Barnahus and the Future of Children's Rights, Springer

An empirical evaluation of intelligence-gathering interrogation techniques from the United States Army field manual

Evans, J.R., Houston, K.A., Meissner, C.A., Ross, A.B., LaBianca, J.R., Woestehoff, S.A. & Kleinman, S.M. · 2014

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(6), 867-875

The effectiveness of Army Field Manual interrogation approaches for educing information and building rapport

Duke, M.C., Wood, J.M., Magee, J. & Escobar, H. · 2018

Law and Human Behavior, 42(5), 442-457

Noncoercive human intelligence gathering

Dando, C.J. & Ormerod, T.C. · 2020

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(8), 1435-1448

Well begun is half done: Interpersonal behaviours in distinct field interrogations with high-value detainees

Christiansen, P., Alison, L. & Alison, E. · 2018

Legal and Criminological Psychology, 23(1), 68-84

Developing an evidence-based perspective on interrogation: A review of the U.S. government’s High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group research program

Meissner, C.A., Surmon-Bohr, F., Oleszkiewicz, S. & Alison, L.J. · 2017

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 23(4), 438-457

PROTOCOL: Interview and interrogation methods and their effects on true and false confessions: An update and extension

Catlin, M., Wilson, D.B., Redlich, A.D., Bettens, T., Meissner, C.A., Bhatt, S. & Brandon, S. · 2023

Campbell Systematic Reviews, 19, e1314

The Scharff technique: Eliciting intelligence from human sources

Oleszkiewicz, S., Granhag, P.A. & Montecinos, S.C. · 2014

Law and Human Behavior, 38(5), 478-489

The Mendez Principles on Effective Interviewing: A Tool for the Implementation of UNCAT

Association for the Prevention of Torture · 2024

APT

UN Manual on Investigative Interviewing for Criminal Investigations

UN Department of Peace Operations, OHCHR & UNODC · 2024

United Nations

The Effects and Effectiveness of Using Torture as an Interrogation Device: Using Research to Inform the Policy Debate

Costanzo, M.A. & Gerrity, E. · 2009

Social Issues and Policy Review, 3(1), 179-210

Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency’s Detention and Interrogation Program (Executive Summary)

United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence · 2014

U.S. Senate

Challenges for research into military investigations

Buehler, A., Oxburgh, G.E., Zimmerman, P., Willmund, G.-D. & Weseman, U. · 2018

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 26(1), 50-64

Service Justice System Policing Review (Part 1)

Ministry of Defence · 2020

UK Ministry of Defence

Keeping our wits about us: introducing a bespoke informant interview model for covert human intelligence source (CHIS) interactions

Walther, M., Jakobi, T., Watson, S.J. & Stevens, G. · 2023

Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 18(3), 333-352

Psychological Perspectives on Interrogation

Vrij, A., Meissner, C.A., Fisher, R.P., Kassin, S.M., Morgan, C.A. & Kleinman, S.M. · 2017

Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 927-955

Developing Rapport and Trust in the Interrogative Context: An Empirically-Supported Alternative

Brimbal, L., Kleinman, S.M., Oleszkiewicz, S. & Meissner, C.A. · 2021

In S.J. Barela, M. Fallon, G. Gaggioli & J.D. Ohlin (Eds.), Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality, Oxford University Press

The HIG Project: The Road to Scientific Research on Interrogation

Fallon, M. & Brandon, S.E. · 2021

In S.J. Barela, M. Fallon, G. Gaggioli & J.D. Ohlin (Eds.), Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality, Oxford University Press

Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality

Barela, S.J., Fallon, M., Gaggioli, G. & Ohlin, J.D. (Eds.) · 2021

Oxford University Press

Unjustifiable Means: The Inside Story of How the CIA, Pentagon, and US Government Conspired to Torture

Fallon, M. · 2017

Regan Arts

Restorative Justice Conferencing (RJC) Using Face-to-Face Meetings of Offenders and Victims: Effects on Offender Recidivism and Victim Satisfaction. A Systematic Review

Strang, H., Sherman, L.W., Mayo-Wilson, E., Woods, D. & Ariel, B. · 2013

Campbell Systematic Reviews, 9(1), 1-59

KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation Review: Observations of an Interrogator

Kleinman, S.M. · 2006

In Educing Information: Interrogation: Science and Art, National Defense Intelligence College

The High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG): Inception, evolution, and impact

Brandon, S.E., Arthur, J.C., Ray, D.G., Meissner, C.A., Kleinman, S.M., Russano, M.B. & Wells, S. · 2019

(see linked search for full details)

Interviewing high value detainees: Securing cooperation and disclosures

Goodman-Delahunty, J., Martschuk, N. & Dhami, M.K. · 2014

Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(6), 883-897

Eliciting Intelligence with the Scharff Technique: Interviewing More and Less Cooperative and Capable Sources

Granhag, P.A., Oleszkiewicz, S., Stromwall, L.A. & Kleinman, S.M. · 2015

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 21(1), 100-110

Evaluating the effectiveness of a five-day training on science-based methods of interrogation with U.S. federal, state, and local law enforcement investigators

Russano, M.B., Meissner, C.A., Atkinson, D.J., Brandon, S.E., Wells, S., Kleinman, S.M., Ray, D.G. & Jones, M.S. · 2024

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 30, 105-120

Istanbul Protocol: Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (2022 edition)

UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights · 2022

OHCHR

28th General Report on the CPT’s Activities (covering the period 1 January to 31 December 2018)

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) · 2019

Council of Europe

General Comment No. 20: Prohibition of Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Article 7)

UN Human Rights Committee · 1992

OHCHR

General Comment No. 2 (2007) on the Implementation of Article 2 by States Parties

UN Committee against Torture · 2007

OHCHR

Combating Torture: A Manual for Action

Amnesty International · 2003

Amnesty International

The Lammy Review: An Independent Review into the Treatment of, and Outcomes for, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Individuals in the Criminal Justice System

Lammy, D. · 2017

Ministry of Justice

Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (A/71/298)

Méndez, J.E. (UN Special Rapporteur on Torture) · 2016

United Nations General Assembly

The Need for the Principles on Effective Interviewing for Investigations and Information Gathering

Méndez, J.E. · 2021

Torture Journal

Report of the Enquiry into Allegations Against the Security Forces of Physical Brutality in Northern Ireland Arising Out of Events on the 9th August, 1971 (Compton Report)

Compton, E. (Chairman) · 1971

HMSO

Report of the Committee of Privy Counsellors Appointed to Consider Authorised Procedures for the Interrogation of Persons Suspected of Terrorism (Parker Report)

Parker, Lord (Chairman) · 1972

HMSO

The ‘Golden Thread’: Coercive control and risk assessment for domestic violence

Myhill, A. & Hohl, K. · 2019

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(21-22), 4477-4497

Practitioner (mis)understandings of coercive control in England and Wales

Robinson, A.L., Myhill, A. & Wire, J. · 2018

Criminology & Criminal Justice, 18(1), 29-49

Interviewing Victims: A Trauma-Informed Approach

Police Chief Magazine (IACP) · 2023

Police Chief Magazine

Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life

Stark, E. · 2007

Oxford University Press

Police use of discretion in response to domestic violence

Myhill, A. & Johnson, K. · 2016

Criminology & Criminal Justice, 16(1), 3-20

Accommodating trauma in police interviews: An exploration of rapport in investigative interviews of traumatized victims

Risan, P., Binder, P.E. & Milne, R. · 2018

(see linked search for full details)

Trauma narratives: recommendations for investigative interviewing

Jakobsen, K.K., Langballe, A. & Schultz, J.H. · 2021

(see linked search for full details)

Culture, trauma, and memory in investigative interviews

Given-Wilson, Z. et al. · 2023

Psychology, Crime & Law

Police-victim engagement in building a victim empowerment approach to intimate partner violence cases

Birdsall, N., Kirby, S. & McManus, M. · 2017

Police Practice and Research

Exploration of the risk factors contained within the UK’s existing domestic abuse risk assessment tool (DASH): do these risk factors have individual predictive validity regarding recidivism?

Almond, L., McManus, M., Brian, D. & Merrington, D.P. · 2017

Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 9(1), 58-68

Kidnapping and hostage-taking: a review of effects, coping and resilience

Alexander, D.A. & Klein, S. · 2009

Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 102(1), 16-21

Trauma-Informed Interview Adaptations

Chez, J. & Bibeau, L. · 2025

Police Chief Magazine

The ‘officer effect’ in risk assessment for domestic abuse: Findings from a mixed methods study in England and Wales

Myhill, A., Hohl, K. & Johnson, K. · 2023

(see linked search for full details)

Policing a new domestic abuse crime: Effects of force-wide training on arrests for coercive control

Barlow, C. et al. · 2023

Policing and Society

Investigating organised human trafficking crimes: case studies of police investigations in England

Pajon, L. & Walsh, D. · 2024

Police Practice and Research, 136-152

Verbal lie detection using Large Language Models

Loconte, R., Russo, R., Capuozzo, P., Pietrini, P. & Sartori, G. · 2023

Scientific Reports, 13(1), 22849

Detecting lies in investigative interviews through the analysis of response latencies and error rates to unexpected questions

Melis, G., Ursino, M., Scarpazza, C., Zangrossi, A. & Sartori, G. · 2024

Scientific Reports, 14(1), 12268

Detecting Deception Through Linguistic Cues: From Reality Monitoring to Natural Language Processing

Loconte, R., Battaglini, C., Maldera, S., Pietrini, P., Sartori, G., Navarin, N. & Monaro, M. · 2025

Journal of Language and Social Psychology

Deception detection with machine learning: A systematic review and statistical analysis

Constancio, A.S., Tsunoda, D.F., Silva, H.F.N., Silveira, J.M. & Carvalho, D.R. · 2023

PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0281323

Interviewing in virtual environments: Towards understanding the impact of rapport-building behaviours and retrieval context on eyewitness memory

Dando, C., Taylor, D.A., Caso, A., Nahouli, Z. & Adam, C. · 2023

Memory & Cognition, 51(2), 404-421

Child pornography offenders and practical research: an evidenced-based approach to prioritising the investigation

Long, M., Alison, L. & McManus, M.A. · 2017

European Police Science and Research Bulletin, 2, 189-196

To Watch or Not to Watch: When Reviewing Body-Worn Camera Footage Improves Police Reports

Vredeveldt, A., Kesteloo, L. & Hildebrandt, A. · 2021

Law and Human Behavior, 45(5), 417-436

Exploring the impact of body-worn video on the everyday behaviours of police officers

Harrison, K., L'Hoiry, X. & Santorso, S. · 2022

The Police Journal, 95(4), 700-717

Law and (rec)order: Updating memory for criminal events with body-worn cameras

Sauerland, M. et al. · 2020

PLOS ONE

The cognitive interview: comparing face-to-face and video-mediated interviews

Nash, R.A. & Houston, K.A. · 2022

Journal of Criminal Psychology

Rapport-building: Chat versus in-person witness interviews

Hoogesteyn, K. et al. · 2023

Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling

Protecting Victim and Witness Statement: Examining the Effectiveness of a Chatbot that Uses Artificial Intelligence and a Cognitive Interview

Minhas, R. et al. · 2023

(see linked search for full details)